泽熙美文Section Ⅰ English-Chinese Translation
Part A Compulsory Translation
1. Mangoes in Africa, as elsewhere, often fall prey to fruit flies, which destroy about 40% of the continent’s crop. In fact, fruit flies are so common in African mangoes that America has banned their import altogether to protect its own orchards. African farmers, meanwhile, have few practical means to defend their fruit. Chemical pesticides are expensive. And even for those who can afford them they are not that effective since, by the time a farmer spots an infestation, it is too late to spray.
Agricultural scientists have also looked at controlling fruit flies with parasitic wasps. But the most common ones kill off only about one fly in 20, leaving plenty of survivors to go on the rampage. Lethal traps baited with fly-attracting pheromones are another option. But they, too, are expensive. Instead, most farmers simply harvest their fruit early, when it is not yet fully ripe. This makes it less vulnerable to the flies, but also less valuable.
Farmers whose trees are teeming with worker ants, however, do not need to bother with any of this. In a survey of several orchards in Benin, Dr van Mele and his colleagues found an average of less than one fruit-fly pupa in each batch of 30 mangoes from trees where worker ants were abundant, but an average of 77 pupae in batches from trees without worker ants. The worker ants, it turns out, are very thorough about hunting down and eating fruit flies, as well as a host of other pests.
Worker ants have been used for pest control in China and other Asian countries for centuries. The practice has also been adopted in Australia. But Dr van Mele argues that it is particularly suited to Africa since worker ants are endemic to the mango-growing regions of the continent, and little training or capital is needed to put them to work. All you need do is locate a suitable nest and run string from it to the trees you wish to protect. The ants will then quickly find their way to the target. Teaching a group of farmers in Burkina Faso to use worker ants in this way took just a day, according to Dr van Mele. Those farmers no longer use pesticides to control fruit flies, and so are able to market their mangoes as organic to eager European consumers, vastly increasing their income. The ants, so to speak, are on the march.
正确答案：
如同其他地区一样，非洲芒果产区也饱受果蝇困扰，果蝇泛滥使芒果减产达40%左右。事实上，非洲芒果中果蝇屡见不鲜，美国已下令对非洲芒果实施进口禁令，保护本国果园免受果蝇之害。但与此同时，非洲果农面对果蝇侵袭几乎无计可施。化学杀虫剂十分昂贵，即便买得起，杀虫剂灭蝇效果也不理想，因为当果农发现有果蝇后再喷洒往往为时已晚。
农业科学家也曾经尝试利用寄生蜂来防治果蝇虫害。但是，最常见的寄生蜂仅能杀死1/20的果蝇，躲过一劫的果蝇则继续为非作歹。还有一种方法是利用果蝇诱捕器，通过性诱剂引诱果蝇达到灭蝇目的。但是，这种诱捕器也是成本不菲。所以，大部分果农干脆趁芒果未全熟时提早采摘，这样果蝇危害性是小了，但是芒果也卖不出好价钱。
但是，如果芒果树上有大量工蚁安家的话，果农就彻底省心了。由范·梅尔博士和同事在贝宁的几家果园开展的一项调查显示，每30个芒果中，工蚁较多的芒果树所产芒果果蝇蛹还不到1个，而没有工蚁的芒果树所产芒果果蝇蛹达到77个。调查发现，工蚁觅食果蝇及其他害虫，灭蝇效果很好。
利用工蚁防治病虫害的做法在中国及其他亚洲国家已有数百年历史，澳大利亚也已予以采用。但是，范·梅尔博士称，非洲芒果产区工蚁特别常见，所以这种灭蝇方法对非洲特别适用，而且操作起来不需要多少培训或资金。果农只需要找到一个合适的蚁巢，用一根绳子将其引向果树，这样工蚁很快就可以找到果蝇。范·梅尔博士说，在布基纳法索培训果农只需一天时间，这些果农今后不再需要杀虫剂灭蝇，同时，还可以向热衷有机食品的欧洲消费者推销他们的有机芒果，从而大大提高收入。打个比方说，工蚁现在正向果蝇“全面开战”。
Part B Choice of Two Translations
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Section Ⅱ Chinese-English Translation
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Section Ⅰ English-Chinese Translation
1. Offshore supply vessels resembling large, floating flat-backed trucks fill Victoria Dock, unable to find charters in a sign of the downturn in Britain’s oil industry.
With UK North Sea oil and gas production 44 percent below its peak, self-styled oil capital of Europe Aberdeen fears the slowdown is not simply cyclical.
The oil industry that at one stage sparked talk of Scotland as “the Kuwait of the West” has already outlived most predictions.
Tourism, life sciences, and the export of oil services around the world are among Aberdeen’s targeted substitutes for North sea oil and gas—but for many the biggest prize would be to use its offshore oil expertise to build a renewable energy industry as big as oil.
The city aims to use its experience to become a leader in offshore wind, tidal power and carbon dioxide capture and storage.
Alex Salmond, head of the devolved Scottish government, told a conference in Aberdeen last month the market for wind power could be worth 130 billion pounds, while Scotland could be the “Saudi Arabia of tidal power.”
“We’re seeing the emergence of an offshore energy market that is comparable in scale to the market we’ve seen in offshore oil and gas in the last 40 years,” he said.
Another area of focus, tourism, has previously been hindered by the presence of oil. Eager to put Aberdeen on the international tourist map, local business has strongly backed a plan by U.S. real estate tycoon Donald Trump for a luxury housing and golf project 12km (8 miles) north of the city, even though it means building on a nature reserve.
The city also hopes to reorientate its vibrant oil services industry toward emerging offshore oil centers such as Brazil. “Just because the production in the North Sea starts to decline doesn’t mean that Aberdeen as a global center also declines,” said Robert Collier, Chamber of Commerce Chief Executive. “That expertise can still stay here and be exported around the world.”
正确答案：
维多利亚港到处停泊着近海补给船，这些酷似巨型卡车的平底庞然大物漂浮在水上等待出租，却无人问津，从侧面反映了英国石油产业已然陷入衰退。
阿伯丁市自称“欧洲石油之都”。现如今北海油气产量相比峰值下降了44%，不由令人担心此番下滑绝非周期性衰退那么简单。
阿伯丁的石油工业发展曾经如日中天，人们也每每将苏格兰比作是“西方科威特”。不过，有人曾经指出该地区石油工业的蓬勃发展态势不会持续太久，阿伯丁的石油工业能撑到今天已经超出了多数人的预料。
随着北海油气产量的持续下滑，阿伯丁也不得不寻找替代产业，旅游业、生命科技、与石油工业相关的服务外包等都在考虑之列。但是，许多人认为最理想的产业转型是，充分利用当地近海石油开采的丰富经验和优势，逐步建立起规模堪比石油工业的可再生能源产业。
阿伯丁市政府希望充分利用上述经验和优势，逐步树立在近海风能和潮汐能发电、碳捕获与碳封存领域的世界领先地位。
苏格兰首席部长亚历克斯·萨蒙德上月在阿伯丁举行的一次会议上演讲时称，风能市场规模可达1300亿英镑，而苏格兰潮汐能发电潜力巨大，堪称“潮汐能领域的沙特阿拉伯”。
他说：“过去四十年来，我们的近海油气市场规模着实令人惊叹，现如今，一个规模相当的近海能源市场正逐步形成。”
过去，旅游业受到当地石油工业的影响，毫无起色，现在逐渐受到当局的重视。美国房地产大亨唐纳德·特朗普计划在阿伯丁市以北12公里处开发一个带有高尔夫球场的高档住宅项目，不过该项目会占用当地的一片自然保护区。尽管如此，一心想把阿伯丁打造成为世界级旅游胜地的当地工商界仍然鼎力支持该开发项目。
阿伯丁市政府同时希望对蓬勃发展的油田服务业进行重新定位，把外包目标转向巴西等新兴近海石油开采中心。当地商会会长罗伯特·科利尔说：“北海油气产量下滑并不等于说阿伯丁全球石油中心的地位也在下降。我们的经验和优势仍在，可以大力发展近海油田服务外包。”
2. We mark the passing of 800 years, and that is indeed a remarkable span for any institution. But history is never an even-flowing stream, and the most remarkable thing about modern Cambridge has been its enormous growth over the past half century. Since I came up as an undergraduate in 1961 the student population has more than doubled. More students have meant more teachers, and, even more significantly, more scholars devoted solely to research: every category has more than doubled in numbers. This huge increase has been partly absorbed by an expansion of the colleges: they all have more students and more Fellows than they did 50 years ago; and, since 1954, no fewer than 11 of the 31 colleges are either brand new foundations, or have been conjured up as new creations from existing but quite different bodies.
From being a university primarily driven by undergraduate education, Cambridge’s reputation is now overwhelmingly tied to its research achievements, which can be simply represented by the fact that more than three-quarters of its current annual income is devoted to research. This has brought not just new laboratories but new buildings to house whole faculties and departments: in the mid-20th century few faculties had a physical manifestation beyond, perhaps, a library and a couple of administrative offices.
