泽熙美文Section 1 English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following two passages into Chinese.
Passage 1
1. When foreigners are sometimes asked what seems most strange about American society, somewhere on the top of the list will be the fact the average citizen is allowed to possess guns.
Although it is true that many people carry guns legally in the United States, it is also known that many who possess guns carry illegally. Others, who don’t have guns, feel that guns can be acquired quite easily. A recent survey indicated that many high school students, especially in the inner cities, can acquire gun with little difficulty.
Although most people would never want to own a gun, others have taken up hunting as a sport and enjoy hunting wild game in season. Hunting for deer and duck in fall and winter is very much a part of the American culture.
Also, some farmers in rural areas who raise cattle and sheep feel they need to protect their animals against wolves that attack their herds and flocks at night. To defend and support their fights to possess firearms the National Rifle Association (NRA) was founded in 1871. The main importance of this organization has been its efforts to prevent strict gun control legislation. The NRA has great political support in small towns and rural areas, especially in the West and the South, where hunting is especially popular. Those who favor the fight to possess guns insist that the Constitution provides the right of people “to keep and bear arms”. They believe that gun control laws will not solve the problem of crime and violence in America.
Recent events in America, however, have shown that the question of gun possession is now out of control and strong voices have called for immediate action to be taken. In seemingly peaceful schools students have gone into classrooms and opened fire upon their classmates. America has been shocked by such incidents which seem to occur with greater frequency. The periodic deaths of innocent citizens and even foreign visitors from guns have forced legislators to pass laws to stop these senseless killings.
The day may not be far off when America will be transformed from a gun culture to one which controls their use and possession.
正确答案：
当一些外国人被问到在美国社会什么事情在他们看来最不寻常时，经常性的回答是普通的美国人都可以持有枪支。
虽然美国许多人都是依法持有枪支，但是也有很多人不法持有枪支。没有枪支的人觉得获得枪支很容易。最近一项调查显示，许多高中学生，尤其是住在城市里的高中学生，很容易便可以得到枪支。
尽管一些美国人并不愿意持有枪支，但是其他一些美国人则认为持枪狩猎是一种运动。在秋冬季节，这种活动已经成为美国文化的一部分。
一些饲养牛羊的乡下农民认为，他们应该保护自己的牛群和羊群免受夜晚出洞的狼的袭击。1871年，为了保护和支持他们持有枪支的权益，美国步枪协会成立了。这个组织主要的职责就是阻止枪支限制法的通过。美国步枪协会得到小城镇和乡下地区政治上的强力支持，尤其是西部和南部地区。认为持枪合法的人坚信，宪法给人“拥有和携带武器”的权利。他们觉得枪支限制法律不会解决美国犯罪和暴力事件。
然而，最近发生的许多事情都表明美国枪支泛滥，民众呼吁对枪支进行限制。因为在看似平静的校园里也频繁地发生枪击事件，无辜市民和外国游人不时地被持枪者杀掉的事实迫使立法者们采取行动制定法律。
也许在不远的将来，美国会把持枪文化转变成限制枪支使用的文化。
[长难句分析]
1．When foreigners are sometimes asked what seems most strange about American society，somewhere on the top of the list will be the fact that the average citizen is allowed to possess guns．
[句子分析] 本句的主句是“somewhere on the top…to possess guns．”，“the fact”后面是由“that”引导的同位语从句。句首处是由“when”引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语是被动语态形式，其后是由“what”引导的宾语从句。
[译文] 当一些外国人被问到在美国社会什么事情在他们看来最不寻常时，经常性的回答是普通的美国人都可以持有枪支。
2．Others，who don’t have guns，feel that guns can be acquired quite easily．
[句子分析] 本句的主句是“Others feel that…”，其中的that引导的是宾语从句。“who”引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“others”。
[译文] 没有枪支的人觉得获得枪支很容易。
3．Also，some farmers in rural areas who raise cattle and sheep feel they need to protect their animals against wolves that attack their herds and flocks at night．
[句子分析] 本句的主语是“some farmers”，谓语是“feel”，主谓之间是由“who”引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“farmers”，并且在从句中作主语。谓语“feel”后面的“they need to protect…”是省略了关联词that的宾语从句，该从句包含一个由that引导的定语从句，用来修饰先行词“wolves”，并且在从句中作主语。
[译文] 一些饲养牛羊的乡下农民认为，他们应该保护自己的牛群和羊群免受夜晚出洞的狼的袭击。
4．Those who favor the right to possess guns insist that the Constitution provides the right of people “to keep and bear arms”．
[句子分析] 本句的主语是“those”，谓语是“insist”，主谓之间是由“who”引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“those”，并且在从句中作主语。谓语后面是由“that”引导的宾语从句。
[译文] 认为持枪合法的人坚信，宪法给人“拥有和携带武器”的权利。
5．Recent events in America，however，have shown that the question of gun possession is now out of control and strong voices have caHed for immediate action to be taken．
[句子分析] 本句是由连词and连接的两个并列分句。在前一分句中主语是“events”，谓语“shown”后面是由that引导的宾语从句；后一分句中宾语“action”后面是动词不定式作宾补。
[译文] 然而，最近发生的许多事情都表明美国枪支泛滥，民众呼吁立刻采取措施。
Passage 2
1. Emotion is a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or thoughts. People enjoy feeling such pleasant emotions as love, happiness, and contentment. They often try to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions, such as loneliness, worry, and grief. Individuals communicate most of their emotions by means of words, a variety of sounds, facial expressions, and gestures. For example, anger causes many people to frown, make a fist. and yell. People learn ways of showing some of their emotions from members of their society, though heredity(遗传) may determine some emotional behavior. Research has shown that different isolated peoples show emotions by means of similar facial expressions.
Charles Darwin, famous for the theory of natural selection, also studied emotion. Darwin said in 1872 that emotional behavior originally served both as an aid to survival and as a method of communicating intentions. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions developed in the 1880s, people feel emotions only if aware of their own internal physical reactions to events, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure. But this theory was not upheld by research on cats that had their nervous systems damaged. The cats could not feel their body’s internal changes, but they showed normal emotional behavior. John B. Watson, an American psychologist who helped found the school of psychology called behaviorism, observed that babies stimulated by certain events showed three basic emotions—fear, anger, and love. Watson’s view has been challenged frequently since he proposed it in 1919.
The most widely accepted view is that emotions occur as a complex sequence of events. The sequence begins when a person encounters an important event or thought. The person’s interpretation of the encounter determines the feeling that is likely to follow. For example, someone who encounters a bear in the woods would probably interpret the event as dangerous. The sense of danger would cause the individual to feel fear. Each feeling is followed by physical changes and desires to take action, which are responses to the event that started the sequence. Thus, a person who met a bear would probably run away.
Several American psychologists independently developed the theory that there are eight basic emotions. These emotions—which can exist at various levels of intensity—are anger, fear, joy, sadness, acceptance, disgusts, surprise, and interest or curiosity. They combine to form all other emotions, just as certain basic colors produce all others.
正确答案：
情感是人们对于某种重大事件或想法产生的感觉或反应。人们都喜欢享受像爱、幸福和满意等情感，也尽量避免去感受像孤独、焦虑和悲痛等情感。
人们通过语言、各种声音、面部表情和手势等来交流自己的情感。比如说，气愤有可能使人皱眉、握拳或者尖叫。虽然遗传可能决定人们在情感上的一些行为表现，但是更多的时候是从社会其他成员那里学会了表达情感的方式。研究表明，那些被隔离的不同人群在表达情感的时候有着相似的面部表情。
以自然选择理论闻名的克莱尔·达尔文也研究情感。1872年，达尔文提出，情感的行为最初是为了生存需要和交流。根据詹姆斯·兰格于19世纪80年代提出的情感理论，一个人体内对心跳加速和血压升高这些牛理变化作出反应，并且只有在意识到这些变化的时候，才会有不同情感的产生。但是这个理论在另一个研究中—在一只神经受损的猫身上所进行的研究—没有得到支持。
