泽熙美文Section 1 English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
1. Para. 1 ①Economists have always been fond of Uber. ②Its willingness to battle incumbents, use of technology to match buyers and sellers, and embrace of “surge” pricing to balance supply and demand make the ride-hailing giant a dismal scientist’s dream. ③Steven Levitt, the author of the bestselling “Freakonomics”, called it “the embodiment of what the economists would like the economy to look like”. ④But if economists subjected Uber and its competitors to a cost-benefit analysis, they might not be so impressed.
Para. 2 ①This might surprise customers. ②A study by researchers from Oxford University, the University of Chicago and Uber itself found sizeable benefits from ride-hailing services for consumers. ③Using data from 48m Uber trips taken in four American cities, they estimated the difference between how much customers were willing to pay and their actual fare. ④Each $1 spent on Uberx rides generated a “consumer surplus” of $1.60. ⑤Across America, that surplus was estimated to be $6.8bn a year.
Para. 3 ①Drivers also benefit. ②Few sign up for lack of anything else, as is true of some gig work: in America roughly eight in ten have left another job to get behind the wheel. ③The typical American Uber driver makes $16 per hour ($10 after expenses), higher than the federal minimum wage. ④In London earnings after expenses come to 11 pounds ($14) per hour and a recent survey found Uber drivers reporting higher levels of life satisfaction on average than other workers.
Para. 4 ①But against these benefits, there are costs to weigh. ②Far from reducing congestion by encouraging people to give up their cars, as many had hoped, ride-hailing seems to increase it. ③Bruce Schaller, a transport consultant, estimates that over half of all Uber trips in big American cities would otherwise have been made on foot or by bike, bus, subway or train.
Para. 5 ①A new working paper by researchers from the University of Chicago and Rice University spells out one deadly consequence of this increase in traffic. ②Using data from the federal transport department, they find that the introduction of ride-sharing to a city is associated with an increase in vehicle-miles travelled, petrol consumption and car registrations—and a 3.5% jump in fatal car accidents. ③At a national level, this translates into 987 extra deaths a year.
Para. 6 ①What could be done to tip the balance back to benefits overall? ②”Congestion pricing is the most direct solution,” says Jonathan Hall of the University of Toronto. ③Several cities, including London, Stockholm and Singapore, have moved in this direction, charging drivers for entering busy areas at peak hours. ④If ride-hailing firms tweaked their pricing to encourage carpooling, that would help, too.
Para. 7 ①One of the worst things a city can do, says John Barrios of the University of Chicago, is to cap the number of ride-hailing cars on their streets, as New York did in August. ②That marked a step back towards the days when barriers to entering the taxi market were high and competition was low. ③A dismal outcome, as most right-thinking economists would agree.
正确答案：
第一段 ①经济学家钟爱优步(Uber)。②它主动与现有企业竞争，利用技术来匹配乘客和司机，并采用，峰时溢价来平衡供需——这家网约车巨头满足了本来悲观失望的经济学家们的种种想象。③畅销书《魔鬼经济学》(Freakonomics)的作者史蒂芬·列维特(Steven Levitt)将优步称为“经济学家理想经济的集中体现”。④但如果经济学家对优步及其竞争对手进行成本效益分析，他们对优步的印象可能就不会这么好了。
第二段 ①消费者可能会大吃一惊。②牛津大学(Oxford University)、芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)和优步的研究人员发现，消费者在叫车服务中获益良多。③他们利用美国4个城市4,800万次优步出行数据，估算出顾客愿意支付的价格与实际车费之间的差距，④发现乘客每花费1美元乘坐优选轿车(Uberx)，就会产生1.6美元的消费者剩余(consumer surplus)。⑤据估计，优步在美国每年产生约68亿美元的消费者剩余。
第三段 ①司机也同样获益。②注册成为优步司机的人不为别的，往往都是为了挣钱，就像去做其他的临时工一样，在美国，80%的优步司机辞去了他们的上一份工作。③美国大部分优步司机每小时的收入为16美元(扣除支出后剩10美元)，高于联邦最低工资。④在伦敦，司机扣除支出后的收入能够达到每小时11英镑(14美元)。最近一项调查发现，优步司机的平均生活满意度高于做其他工作的人。
第四段 ①但除了这些积极作用，网约车的弊端也需要权衡。②叫车服务非但没有像许多人希望的那样，鼓励人们放弃私家车出行从而缓解拥堵，似乎反而加剧了交通堵塞。③交通顾问布鲁斯·沙勒(Bruce Schaller)估计，在美国大城市，超过一半以上的优步出行本可以被步行、骑行、乘坐公交、搭地铁或火车所替代。
第五段 ①芝加哥大学与莱斯大学(Rice University)的研究人员共同发表的论文阐述了优步出行比例上升会带来致命后果。②他们利用联邦交通部(federal transport department)的数据发现，引入共享汽车服务后，城市车辆行驶里程、汽油消耗量和车辆注册量增加，并且致命事故概率上升3.5%。③这个概率放到全国来看，意味着每年多出987人死亡。
第六段 ①如何扭转局面重新使整体受益呢?②多伦多大学(University of Toronto)的乔纳森·霍尔(Jonathan Hall)说：“最直接的解决方案是征收‘交通拥堵费’。”③包括伦敦、斯德哥尔摩(Stockholm)和新加坡在内的几个城市已经出台相关政策，在上下班高峰时段对驶入繁忙区域的司机收取一定的费用。④如果网约车公司调整价格鼓励拼车，那也会有所帮助。
第七段 ①芝加哥大学的约翰·巴里奥斯(John Barrios)表示，一个城市所能采取的最糟糕的措施，就是像纽约在8月份所做的那样，限制街道上网约车的数量。②这标志着出租车市场回到门槛高、竞争少的日子。③正如大多数明智的经济学家所认同的那样，这一结果令人沮丧。
[解析] 1．第一段②句a dismal scientist’s dream意为“悲伤失望的科学家的梦想”。此处dismal scientist源自dismal science(让人感觉沮丧的科学)，在西方，经济学被人称为dismal science，因为其经常出现令人沮丧的结论，比如globalization kills manufacturing jobs“全球化使制造业全无容身之地”。本文的语境是，经济学家们视优步为理想的经济模式，优步博得了经济学家们的喜爱。此处make the ride-hailing giant a dismal scientist’s dream，隐含“优步给经济学家带米希望”的意思，因此a dismal scientist’s dream可增译为“(满足了)本来悲观失望的经济学家们的种种想象”。
2．第二段④句consumer surplus为经济学专有名词，意为“消费者剩余”，指消费者愿意支付的最高价格与商品的实际市场价格之间的差额。
3．第三段②句behind the wheel为固定搭配，意思是to sit in the driver’s seat“坐在驾驶座上，开车”。此处可转换词性，译作“司机”，并根据语境，这里具体指优步司机，可增译“优步”。
4．第五段①句spell out为固定搭配，意思是to explain something in a clear way“清楚地解释某事”。因此，此处可译作“阐述”。
5．第七段②句barriers to entering…were high直译为“进入……的壁垒很高”或“进入……的阻碍很大”，可用中文的惯用表达“门槛高”，更简洁。
Section 2 Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following passage into English.
1. 第一段 ①当今世界正处在大发展大变革大调整时期，地缘政治版图日益多元化、多极化，国与国相互依存更加紧密。②同时，世界面临的不稳定性不确定性因素不断增加，世界经济形势明显向好，但仍不稳定，经济全球化进程遭遇贸易保护主义、单边主义等更多挑战，部分地区冲突加剧、恐怖主义、非法贩运毒品和有组织犯罪、传染性疾病、气候变化等威胁急剧上升引发的风险持续增加。③国际社会迫切需要制定共同立场，有效应对上述全球挑战。
第二段 ④上合组织遵循“互信、互利、平等、协商、尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展”的“上海精神”，经受住国际风云变幻的严峻考验，不断加强政治、安全、经济、人文等领域合作，成为当代国际关系体系中极具影响力的参与者。
第三段 ⑤上合组织在睦邻、友好、合作、相互尊重成员国文化文明多样性和社会价值观、开展信任对话和建设性伙伴关系的基础上树立了密切和富有成效的合作典范。
正确答案：
①The dynamically developing world is currently going through a period of major changes and reconfiguration; the geopolitical landscape is becoming diversified and multipolar, and ties between countries are becoming closer. ②At the same time, the factors of instability and uncertainty are increasing, the situation in the world economy remains unstable despite the positive changes, economic globalization is confronted with the expansion of unilateral protectionist policies and other challenges in international trade, and there are rising risks associated with the aggravation of conflicts in a number of regions, terrorism, drug trafficking and organized crime, epidemics of infectious diseases and climate change. ③Counteraction to these global challenges requires urgent development of collective and effective approaches of the world community.
④Following the Shanghai Spirit, which embodies mutual trust, mutual benefit, equal rights, mutual consultations, respect for the diversity of cultures, and aspiration for joint development, amid serious changes in global affairs, the SCO consistently enhances political, security, economic, cultural and humanitarian cooperation and acts as one of the most influential participants in the modern system of international relations.
⑤Relying on neighborly relations, friendship and cooperation, mutual respect for the cultural and civilizational diversity and social values of its Member States, on trustful dialogue and
