泽熙美文Section 1 English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
1. Para. 1 ①Every system for converting votes into power has its flaws. ②Britain suffers from an over-mighty executive; Italy from chronically weak government; Israel from small, domineering factions. ③America, however, is plagued by the only democratic vice more troubling than the tyranny of the majority: tyranny of the minority.
Para. 2 ①This has come about because of a growing division between rural and urban voters. ②The electoral system the Founders devised, and which their successors elaborated, gives rural voters more clout than urban ones. ③When the parties stood for both city and country that bias affected them both. ④But the Republican Party has become disproportionately rural and the Democratic Party disproportionately urban. ⑤That means a red vote is worth more than a blue one.
Para. 3 ①The consequences are dramatic. ②Republicans hold both the houses of Congress and the White House. ③But in previous elections their candidates got just 46% of the two-party vote for the Senate, and they won the presidential vote last year with 49%.
Para. 4 Our voting model predicts that, for Democrats to have a better than 50% chance of winning control of the House in November’s mid-term elections, they will need to win the popular vote by around seven percentage points.
Para. 5 ①This imbalance is partly by design. ②The greatest and the smallest states each have two senators, in order that Congress should represent territory as well as people. ③Yet the over-representation of rural America was not supposed to affect the House and the presidency.
Para. 6 ①For most of the past 200 years, when rural, urban and suburban interests were scattered between the parties, it did not. ②Today, however, the 13 states where people live closest together have 121 Democratic House members and 73 Republican ones, whereas the rest have 163 Republicans and just 72 Democrats.
Para. 7 ①America has one party built on territory and another built on people. ②The bias is deepening. ③Every president who took office in the 20th century did so having won the popular vote. ④In two of the five elections for 21st century presidents, the minority won the electoral college. ⑤By having elected politicians appoint federal judges, the American system embeds this rural bias in the courts as well.
Para. 8 ①Americans often say such partisanship is bad for their country. ②The Founding Fathers would have agreed. ③George Washington warned that “the alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge… is itself a frightful despotism”.
Para. 9 ①As a component of partisanship, the built-in bias is obviously bad for Democrats. ②But in the long run it is bad for America as a whole, including Republicans. ③When lawmaking is paralyzed, important work is too hard. ④The few big laws that are approved pass on party-line votes. ⑤That emboldens the opposition to reverse or neuter them when they take power.
Para. 10 ①Bitter partisanship and electoral bias poison politics and are hard to fix. ②Changing the constitution is hard—and rightly so. ③Voting reform is not the whole answer to partisanship and built-in bias, but it would help. ④It is hard, but not outlandish. ⑤To maintain the trust of all Americans, the world’s oldest constitutional democracy needs to reform itself.
正确答案：
第一段 ①每一种将选票转化为权力的制度都有其缺陷。②英国的行政机构权力过大；意大利政府长期软弱；以色列饱受各个小派系专横之苦。③然而，美国正备受少数人专政的煎熬，而少数人专政正是唯一一种比多数人暴政更令人痛苦不堪的民主弊端。
第二段 ①这是因为农村和城市选民的差距越来越大。②美国国父创立的选举制度，经由他们的继任者改进，赋予了农村选民更大的影响力。③当政党同时代表城市和农村选民的利益时，这种偏差并不会对选举结果造成影响。④但是，现在绝大部分的农村选民偏向共和党，城市选民则偏向民主党。⑤这意味着红票(代表共和党)比蓝票(代表民主党)更有价值。
第三段 ①这导致了戏剧性的结果。②共和党同时控制着国会两院和白宫。③但在之前的选举中，共和党候选人在参议院两党选举中仅获得46%的选票，而在去年总统选举中，他们以49%的选票赢得大选。
第四段 我们的投票模型预测，民主党要想在11月的中期选举中有超过50%的几率赢得众议院的控制权，他们需要以大约7个百分点的优势赢得普选。
第五段 ①一定程度而言，这种不平衡是有意为之的。②美国最大和最小的州均各有两名参议员，以便国会议员既能代表各州也能代表人民的利益。③虽然农村选民拥有更大的影响力，但这本不会影响众议院和总统选举的结果。
第六段 ①在过去200年的大部分时间里，当农村、城市和郊区的利益均匀分散在政党之中时，不会出现现在这种情况。②而如今，人口最密集的13个州有121名民主党众议员和73名共和党众议员，而其他州有163名共和党众议员和72名民主党众议员。
第七段 ①美国民主党赢的基础在于州域划分，而共和党赢的基础在于人数，②这种政治偏向正在逐步加深。③20世纪就职的总统都赢得了普选。④但在21世纪的五次总统选举中，普选票数少的党派两次赢得了选举人团的投票。⑤总统由选举产生，而联邦法官由总统任命，这也将美国选举制度中农村选票更为重要的影响带到了法院。
第八段 ①美国人经常说党派之争正在危害国家。②开国元勋也同意这一点。③乔治·华盛顿(George Washington)曾警告说，“党派的交替统治使得复仇之火熊熊燃烧……这本身就是一种可怕的专制主义”。
第九段 ①作为党派之争的一部分，美国选举制度固有的缺陷显然对民主党不利。②但从长远来看，它对整个美国都有害，共和党也不例外。③当立法陷入瘫痪时，要通过重要的法案就很难。④重大法律(数量较少)是基于党派的立场而通过的。⑤这就使得反对派在掌权后可能会有恃无恐地推翻、废除这些法律。
第十段 ①残酷的党派之争和选举偏向是难以割治的政治毒瘤。②修改宪法困难重重，这是事实。③选举制度改革并不能完全解决这些问题，但能起一定的作用。④这一过程困难重重，但并非天方夜谭。⑤为了使得所有美国人保持对国家的信任，这个世界上最古老的民主宪政国家需要自我改革。
[解析] 1．第二段②句elaborate为多义词，可指“详细阐述”“使计划、想法等更为详细”等。根据本文语境，该段提及美国选举制度不断得到巩固和发展。因此，此处应取第二义项，译为“改进”更为合适。
2．第二段⑤句，在翻译red vote“红票”和blue vote“蓝票”时可对其含义进行解释说明，译为“红票(代表共和党)”和“蓝票(代表民主党)”。
3．第五段①句by design为固定搭配，意思是with an intention“故意”，此处可译作“有意为之”。
4．第七段④句electoral college为专有名词，意为“选举人团”。
5．第十段①句动词poison意为“毒害”，在翻译时可将其转化为名词“毒瘤”，整句可译作“残酷的党派之争和选举偏向是难以割治的政治毒瘤”。
Section 2 Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following passage into English.
1. 第一段 ①当今世界，以互联网为代表的信息技术日新月异，引领了社会生产新变革，创造了人类生活新空间，拓展了国家治理新领域，极大提高了人类认识世界、改造世界的能力。
第二段 ②作为人类社会的共同财富，互联网让世界变成了“地球村”。③各国在网络空间互联互通，利益交融，休戚与共。④维护网络空间和平与安全，促进开放与合作，共同构建网络空间命运共同体，符合国际社会的共同利益，也是国际社会的共同责任。
第三段 ⑤《网络空间国际合作战略》全面宣示中国在网络空间相关国际问题上的政策立场，系统阐释中国开展网络领域对外工作的基本原则、战略目标和行动要点，旨在指导中国今后一个时期参与网络空间国际交流与合作，推动国际社会携手努力，加强对话合作，共同构建和平、安全、开放、合作、有序的网络空间，建立多边、民主、透明的全球互联网治理体系。
正确答案：
①Today, the rapid advancement of information technology represented by the Internet has brought about new ways of social production, created new space for people’s life, opened new horizons for state governance and enhanced mankind’s ability to understand and shape the world.
②As the common asset of human society, the Internet has turned the world into “Global Village.” ③In the interconnected cyberspace, countries are bound together by intertwined interests. ④It is in the shared interests and also the responsibility of the international community to safeguard peace and security, promote openness and cooperation and foster a community of shared future in cyberspace.
⑤International, Strategy of Cooperation on Cyberspace provides a comprehensive explanation of China’s policy and position on cyber-related international affairs as well as the basic principles, strategic goals and plan of action in its external relations on that front. It aims to guide China’s participation in international exchange and cooperation in cyberspace for the next period of time, and encourage the international community to come together to enhance dialogue and cooperation and build a peaceful, secure, open, cooperative and orderly cyberspace and a multilateral, democratic and transparent global Internet governance system.
[解析] 1．①句中成语“日新月异”不宜直译，其意思是发展变化迅速，故译为rapid advancement即可。
2．②句“地球村”有强调的意味，双引号应保留，译为“Global Village”。
3．③句“各国在网络空间互联互通，利益交融，休戚与共”，中文喜用四字成语叠加来表达同一个意思，在翻译时要适当删减，“利益交融，休戚与
