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翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题54

英译汉

1.

Modified Agricultural Practices

Since agriculture accounts for nearly 70 percent of the world’s fresh water withdrawn from rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers for human use, the greatest potential for conservation lies with increasing irrigation efficiency.1 By reducing irrigation by 10 percent, we could double the amount available for domestic water worldwide. This can be done by converting to water-conserving irrigation systems; taking the poorest and steepest lands out of production2; switching to less-thirsty crops (which may require changes to government subsidies for certain crops); implementing proper agricultural land drainage and soil management practices, and reducing fertilizer and pesticide use.

Typically, governments provide water to large commercial farmers at greatly subsidized rates, decreasing the need for conservation and promoting wasteful practices3. This has led to widespread use of wasteful irrigation systems. Studies show that just 35-50 percent of water withdrawn for irrigated agriculture actually reaches the crops. Most soaks into the ground through unlined canals, leaks out of pipes, or evaporates before reaching fields. Although some of the water lost in inefficient irrigation systems returns to streams or aquifers where it can be tapped again, water quality is invariably degraded by pesticides, fertilizers and salts.4 This is in fact another way that commercial agriculture “uses” water: by polluting it so that it is no longer safe to drink. In areas where commercial agriculture is prevalent, runoff5 from farms has poisoned water supply with dangerous levels of toxics.

Poorly planned and poorly built irrigation systems not only harm water quality, but can also irreparably6 harm the crop-growing capability of the land through salinization. Especially in arid areas, salts that occur naturally accumulate in irrigated soils. Poorly drained irrigation water can pollute water supply, and raise the groundwater table until it reaches the root zone, waterlogging and drowning crops. Globally, some 80 million hectares of farmland have been degraded by a combination of salinization and waterlogging.

Switching to conserving irrigation systems has the biggest potential to save water used for agriculture (experts say drip irrigation could potentially save 40-60 percent of water now used for agriculture). The most common water-conserving irrigation systems are some form7 of drip irrigation (also called micro-irrigation). Conventional sprinklers spray water over crops, not only irrigating more land than is needed to grow the crop but also losing much8 to evaporation. Drip irrigation, however, supplies water directly to the crop’s root system in small doses, where it can be used by the plant’s roots. Water is delivered through emitters9 that drip water at each plant, or perforated piping, installed on the surface or below ground. This keeps evaporation losses low, at an efficiency rate of 95 percent.

Although by 1991 some 1.6 million hectares were using drip irrigation worldwide, this is still less than one percent of all irrigated land worldwide. Some countries have made drip irrigation a serious national priority, such as Israel, which uses drip irrigation on 50 percent of its total irrigated area. But clearly it is the exception, and most dry countries have a long way to go.

正确答案:

改良的农业耕作

从全世界河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层汲取的供人类使用的淡水中,有近70%是用于农业,因此节水的最大潜力在于提高农业灌溉效率。1减少10%的灌溉用水,我们就能够使世界各地的家庭用水量增加一倍(翻一番)。我们可以改用节水的灌溉系统,停止耕种(停止使用)2最贫瘠、最陡峭的土地,再种植耗水量较低的植物(这可能会要求改变政府对某些农作物的津贴额);采取适当的农业土地排水及土壤管理办法;减少化肥和杀虫剂的使用。

通常,政府以很高的津贴优惠向大户的商业性农民供水,这就削弱了节水的必要性,鼓励了浪费行为3。这种做法已导致农民广泛使用浪费水资源的灌溉设备。研究表明,农业灌溉用水中只有35%~50%真正用在农作物上。大部分的水通过没有铺衬里的灌溉渠道浸入土壤,或从水管泄漏出来,或在到达农田之前就蒸发掉了。尽管从低效的灌溉系统中损失的部分水,会重新返回可再次利用的(可再次抽取的)河流或地下蓄水层中,但其水质因杀虫剂、化肥和盐分的渗入却不可避免地下降了。4这实际上就是商业性农业“使用”水的另一种方式:对水造成污染,使水无法再安全饮用。在商业性农业盛行的地区,从农田中流出的水5已经污染生活供水,使得水中的有毒物质达到危险的程度。

计划不周或建造不好的灌溉系统不仅会破坏水质,还会由于土壤碱化而损害土壤的作物生长能力,这是不可复原的6。尤其是在干旱地区,天然生成的盐会在灌溉过的土壤中越积越多。排放不畅的灌溉用水会污染供水,提高地下水位,直到地下水位达到作物的根区,浸透土壤,淹死农作物。全球约有8000万公顷农田因土壤碱化和浸透而退化。

转而使用节水的灌溉系统可以最大限度地节省农业用水(专家声称,水滴灌溉有可能节省40%~60%现在所用的农业用水)。最常使用的节水灌溉系统是某种7水滴灌溉系统(也称作“微灌溉”)。传统的洒水装置在农作物上方喷水,不仅灌溉了农作物生长所需的土地范围以外的土地(不仅使得到灌溉的土地超出了农作物生长所需的土地范围),而且使得大量水分8蒸发(而且由于水分蒸发而损失了更多的水)。然而,滴灌是直接向植物的根系提供少量的水(一点一点地提供水分),植物的根部能够吸收到这些水。水通过滴灌装置9传递到每株植物,或通过安装在地表或地下的穿洞管道进行传递。这将水分蒸发的损失控制在较低量,从而用水效率提高到95%。

尽管到1991年之前,世界各地已有约160万公顷农田采用水滴灌溉,但这仍不到全世界灌溉土地面积的1%。一些国家已正式将水滴灌溉列为全国重点推广事项(全国优先考虑的事项),例如以色列总灌溉面积的50%都采用水滴灌溉。但是很明显,这只是个特例,大多数干旱的国家还有很长的一段路要走。

[解析] 1. Since agriculture accounts for nearly 70 percent of the world’s fresh water withdrawn from rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers for human use, the greatest potential for conservation lies with increasing irrigation efficiency. 此句英文较长,若在语序上译文也与原文对应,可译为:由于农业用水约占从全世界的河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层汲取的供人类使用的淡水中的70%,节水的最大潜力在于提高农业灌溉效率。但这种译法显然很累赘。遇到类似的英语长句,若长句的叙述层次与汉语相同,可按原文顺序依次译出;但在很多情况下必须抓住原文的中心思想,区别主次,沿着时间顺序和逻辑顺序,按汉语习惯重新加以组合,打破原来的结构以确切表达原意。不应拘泥于原文的语言形式,以免译文生硬。全句可译为:从全世界河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层汲取的供人类使用的淡水中,有近70%是用于农业,因此节水的最大潜力在于提高农业灌溉效率。

2.短语taking the poorest and steepest lands out of production中的take sth. out of sth. 可理解为“把某物从另一物处移开”或“使某物消失或除掉某物”。此处若直译为“从生产中除掉最陡峭的土地”则表达不畅,应依据上下文意思译为“停止耕种、停止使用”。

3.此处的伴随状语decreasing the need…promoting wasteful practices转译为汉语的一个小句,同时增补指示代词“这”,以使汉语的表达连贯:这就削弱了节水的必要性,鼓励了浪费行为。

4. Although some of the water lost in inefficient irrigation systems returns to streams or aquifers where it can be tapped again, water quality is invariably degraded by pesticides, fertilizers and salts. 此英文长句为一主从复合句,让步状语从句在前,主句在后。在Although引导的让步状语从句中有两个定语成分,lost in inefficient irrigation systems和where it can be tapped again,分别修饰water及streams or aquifers。汉语的状语结构多置于主句前,因此这里不必改变原文基本顺序,只需将两个小的英文后置定语变为汉语的前置定语即可。

5.名词runoff来自动词词组run(sth.)off,意为(cause liquid to) drain or flow out of a container(使液体流尽、排出),因此这里可译为“流出的水”。

6.将irreparably harm译为汉语时,宜采取“拆译”的翻译技巧,即将副词irreparably另句处理:这是不可复原的。

7.some用于复数名词之前时表不确定的数量,译为“一些”、“有一些”;some在单数可数名词之前表示不确定性,可译为“某一”、“某种”。

8.原文losing much后省去water一词,是为了避免重复,但译文应清楚说明损失的东西,即“大量水分”。

9.根据上下文,emitter这里不是指“发射者、发射体”,而应根据具体语境及其后面的修饰成分that drip water译为“滴灌装置”。

汉译英

1.

粮食生产

中国政府通过增加国内粮食生产,保持粮食供需平衡的决心是坚定的,有信心领导全国人民实现这一目标。同时,中国政府也清醒地认识到实现这个目标的艰巨性:

第一,中国农业资源人均占有量在世界上属于低水平,耕地和水资源不足是农业发展的最大制约因素。在这样的资源条件下,要创造出远高于世界平均水平的农业生产率,必须花大力气。

第二,中国农业基础设施薄弱,生产手段落后,抗灾能力差,需要坚持不懈地改善生产条件,提高抗灾能力。

第三,中国农户生产规模小,经营分散,在向社会主义市场经济体制转变的过程中,容易造成粮食生产的波动,需要进一步加强对粮食生产的调控。

第四,中国正处在工业化迅速发展的阶段,在资源分配上还存在不利于粮食生产的倾向,需要继续对农业特别是粮食生产采取有效的支持措施。

总之,中国政府将正视困难,在经济布局和工作指导上,继续严格执行保护耕地和生态环境的基本国策,实施科教兴农和可持续发展两大战略,推动农业经济体制和农业增长方式的根本性转变,以促进粮食综合生产能力的稳步提高。

正确答案:

粮食生产

   Grain Production

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