泽熙美文English Chinese Translation
1 This is a skeptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs. 2 This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise. The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, fight living, and the need for abandoning bad habits, etc, the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always granted them.
3 Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine, especially if it be wrapped in white paper and sealed with a dab of red sealing-wax by a clever chemist. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend. Henry Taylor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle’s. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, 4 but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor’s house. History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did. 5 The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste, and that is what all patients demand of their doctors—to be cured at no inconvenience to themselves.
1.
正确答案：
这是一个怀疑一切的时代，但是尽管我们对祖先所深信的许多事物都已信心削减了，但我们对装在瓶中的药物的疗效却仍然同我们的祖先一样确信不疑。
2.
正确答案：
现代人对药物的信任由这一事实得到证实，即卫生部门每年所支付的药费正在上升到天文数字，而且到目前为止还没有停止增长的迹象。
3.
正确答案：
不仅仅是那些无知的和没有受过良好教育的人才相信装在瓶中的药物，人们尤其相信由聪明的药剂师包在白纸里并轻涂红色火漆封口的药物。
4.
正确答案：
但是既然一种药对某一种疾病起过如此良好的作用，它对另一种疾病一定也会同样有效；当想到他将给朋友带去帮助时，他心里感到快慰，于是他急忙赶到亨利·泰勒的家里。
5.
正确答案：
服药的一大优点是，除了要求服药者在片刻时间里忍受可憎的味道外，别无其他的要求，而这也正是所有的病人对他们的医生提出的要求——在不给自己带来不便的情况下把病治好。
6 The historical used in viewing a civilization, rather than a country, as the significant unit is of relatively recent origin. Since the Middle Ages, most European historians have adopted either a religious or national perspective. The religious viewpoint was predominant among European historians until the 18th century. Regarding the Christian revelation as the most momentous event in history, they viewed all history as either the prelude to or the aftermath of that event. The early historians of Europe had little occasion to study other cultures except as curiosities or as potential areas for missionary activity. The national viewpoint, as distinct from the religious one, developed in the early 16th century, largely on the basis of the political philosophy of the Italian statesman and historian Machiavelli, for whom the proper object of historical study was the state. 7 After that period, however, the many historians who chronicled the histories of the national states of Europe and America rarely dealt with societies beyond the realm of European culture except to describe the subjection of those societies by, in their view, the more progressive European powers.
8 Early in the 19th century, philosophers and historians identified with the Romantic Movement criticized the 18th-century assumption that people were the same everywhere and at all times. The German philosophers Johann yon Herder and G. W. F. Hegel emphasized the profound differences in the minds and works of humans in different cultures, thereby laying the foundation for the comparative study of civilizations.
According to modem historians of civilizations, it is impossible to write a fully intelligible history of any nation without taking into consideration the type of culture to which it belongs. 9 They maintain that much of the life of a nation is affected by its participation in a larger social entity, often composed of a number of nations or states sharing many distinctive characteristics that can be traced to a common origin. It is this larger social entity, cultural rather than political, that such historians consider the truly meaningful object of historical study. 10 In modern times, the existing civilizations have impinged more and more upon one another to the point that no one civilization pursues a separate destiny anymore and all may be considered participants in a common world civilization.
6.
正确答案：
把一种文明而不是一个国家看作一个重要单位来研究的历史观是相当近的产物。中世纪以来，大多数欧洲历史学家所采用的不是宗教观就是民族观。
7.
正确答案：
然而，从那以后，许多对欧洲及美洲民族国家进行编年史研究的历史学家很少关注欧洲文化以外的社会，除了根据他们自己的观点来描述那些社会是如何被更进步的欧洲强国所征服的。
8.
正确答案：
早在19世纪，认同浪漫主义运动的哲学家和历史学家们对18世纪所提出的“各地和各个时代的人都一样”的设想进行了批判。
9.
正确答案：
他们主张，一个民族的生命在很大程度上受它在一个更大的社会实体中所参与行为的影响，这一更大的社会实体由一些具有许多共同的鲜明特征而且有着共同渊源的民族或国家组成。
10.
正确答案：
在现代，现存的文明之间冲突不断加剧，以至于任何一种文明都不能再追求其单独的命运，而所有的文明都被认为是同一个世界文明的参与者。
11 What a language guide does need, though, is a thorough and practical knowledge of how the language works, a conscious knowledge that she or he can articulate in a way the ordinary native speaker cannot. Students should be able to sense that their guides have a genuine interest in the language, and that they have found out about it by thinking for themselves, not by mere uncritical memorizing of textbooks or lectures. 12 It is only through such critical awareness and interest that guides can develop the ability to explain any given aspect of the language in varied ways so as to suit the particular needs and mode of thought of any individual student.
One of the most misguided principles of modern pedagogy is the “structured lesson”. This is just what should be avoided, even in classes as well as private lessons. A good language guide is completely flexible, and can respond instantaneously at any moment to any need of the students that arises. 13 Those with this capacity never need—never should—spend long hours planning and preparing lessons; but the corollary is that guides need to really 而
