泽熙美文English Chinese Translation
1. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, tor whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says. Over one century, the life situation in the past had been changed rapidly. And now, we live in the world which is full of noise, violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modem stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, of finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them. We must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?
正确答案：
当一种新的艺术倾向形成某种时尚时，可取的态度是弄清楚其倡导者们的目的所在，因为，无论其主张在今天看来是多么的牵强附会、毫无道理，将来有可能被视为正常。然而，就未来派诗歌而言，那就很难说了。因为，无论未来派诗歌是什么，即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难被称之为文学。
简单地说，未来派诗人声称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活状况一直在急剧变化。现在，我们生活在一个充斥着噪声、暴力和快节奏的世界中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派们声称，这种生活节奏的加速需要新的表现形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词语，摆脱句号、修饰性形容词及限定性动词的束缚。我们不应描绘声音，我们必须创造模仿声音的词语，必须在同一张纸上使用不同类型和不同颜色的墨水来任意缩短和加长词语。
当然，他们对战斗的描写让人难以理解。但是，当读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注释时，则会令人有点儿生厌。注释中说该诗描写了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在一座桥上所发生的搏斗，后来两人掉入河中。结果，诗把两人落水的声音及两人的体重写在了一起：“扑!扑!一百八十五公斤”。
这尽管符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，但很难称之为文学。实际上没有一个有思想的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也跟着变化。而实际问题是：我们真的从根本上发生了变化吗?
2. Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization, fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
正确答案：
战后日本不是无目标的发展，其高效的生产率和社会和睦令美国及欧洲各国所羡慕。但是，日本人正在经历传统职业道德价值观的日趋下降。十年前，年轻人工作勤奋，把工作视为生存的主要目的。然而，现在日本在很大程度上已满足了经济需求，结果年轻人不知道下一步该干什么。
战后婴儿高峰期的到来及妇女加入男性主宰的人才市场限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年对攀登从上好学校到找好工作这一严格的社会阶梯所付出的沉重的个人代价产生了疑问。在最近的一项调查中发现，与67.2%的美国学生相比，只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他十个国家的工人相比，有更多的日本工人对工作不满意。
尽管日本因强调基础知识而受到外国人的称赞，但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而不是强调创造性及能动性。占统治席位的自由民主党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说：“考分中无法体现个体、能力、勇气或慈悲心——这一点完全被忽视。由此产生的受挫感导致学生辍学，放荡不羁。”去年，日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中有929起是袭击教师。在人们的强烈要求声中，许多保守党领导人正在试图恢复到战前那样，即强调道德教育。去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo setoyama扬起眉毛争辩说，二战后美国就业当局推行的改革开放削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德观。
但是，这也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家Yoko Mum说：“在日本，问题绝不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而只是你能承受多少。”随着经济的发展实现了居住的集中化。一亿一千九百万日本人中，足有76%住在城里。在城里，社区和大家庭已成为过去，取而代之的是独门独户的两代人之家。城里的日本人长期以来忍受着漫长的上下班交通和拥挤的居住条件，但是，随着旧的群体及家庭观念的削弱，这种不舒适开始显现出不良结果。过去的十年中，日本人的离婚率，尽管仍远远低于美国，但已上升了50%，自杀率上升了近25%。
3. It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise! —fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries.” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law
