泽熙美文English Chinese Translation
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 1 Under modern conditions, this required varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 2 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the stucture of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
3 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 4 in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 5 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
1.
正确答案：
在现代条件下，这需要不同程度的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。
2.
正确答案：
再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
3.
正确答案：
由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
4.
正确答案：
在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
5.
正确答案：
由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会给社会造成新的压力。
6 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
7 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 8 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodolozies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 9 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method”. frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy”. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the disciphne as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 10 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
6.
正确答案：
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
7.
正确答案：
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
8.
正确答案：
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
9.
正确答案：
方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
10.
正确答案：
这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
US photo giant Eastman Kodak is seeking to exploit their snapping. 11 It announced in March that it would spend more than $ 1 billion in the next few years to capture a share of the Chinese market. “China is one of the fastest growing markets for photography, and its double-digit growth will assure that it moves from the number three rank to number one or two, exceeding Japan and perhaps the United States in the next century,” said Kodak chief George Fisher in a statement.
12 According to Kodak, fewer than one in 10 Chinese households owns a camera, which typically uses about four rolls of film per year. “If only half the people in China shot a single 36-exposure roll of film a year—a fraction of usage rates in other countries—that would swell the number of worldwide ‘clicks’ by 25 percent,” Fisher said.
13 National figures on camera ownership do not reflect the keen interest in photography in urban areas. “We have two cameras in the house, one for ourselves and one for our 14-year-old son who takes it with him on school trips,” said Beijing resident Chen Yanan, who was recently laid off from her state-sector job. Chen’s son is not alone: “All his friends have a camera. They only cost 150 yuan.” She added.
14 When the price of a 36-exposure roll of color film (20 yuan) and development costs (16 yuan) are taken into account,
