泽熙美文Section 1 English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
1. Improved human well-being is one of the greatest triumphs of the modem era. The age of plenty has also led to an unexpected global health crisis: 2 billion people are either overweight or obese. Developed countries have been especially susceptible to unhealthy weight gain. However, developing countries are now facing a similar crisis. Obesity rates have peaked in high income countries but are accelerating elsewhere. The combined findings of the World Health Organization and the World Bank showed that in 2016 Asia was home to half the world’s overweight children. One quarter were in Africa. This crisis will test the political resolve of governments that have focused on ending hunger. These governments must understand that the factors making cities convenient and productive also make their residents prone to obesity. Urbanites enjoy a variety of food. International fast food chains are flourishing in developing countries. The health risks of such diets are compounded by the sedentary lifestyles of urban dwellers. People’s leisure time is also being occupied by television, movies, and video games in the growing number of households.
The alarming implication of these trends is that developing countries may become sick before they get rich. That sickness may, in turn, cripple health systems. The yearly health care costs in Southeast Asia of obesity-related complications like diabetes and cardiovascular disease are already as high as US $10 billion. Such diseases are an added burden on countries already struggling to manage primary health care needs. Policies related to taxation, urban design, education may help control obesity at a lower cost than eventual medical treatment for an increasingly overweight population. Some governments have already intervened to control obesity by implementing taxation on unhealthy foods and drinks. Thailand, Brunei, and Singapore have adopted the soda tax. South Africa is likely to introduce a sugar tax beginning in April 2018. The city of Berkeley in California recognizes that taxes alone are not enough to address obesity. The city’s sugar tax revenues are used to support child nutrition and community health programs. This underscores the importance of education.
There is also promise in many initiatives. Urban design holds significant power to reshape lifestyle patterns and public health. Improving the attractiveness of public space can draw residents out of their cars and living rooms. A recent study of urban neighborhoods in Shanghai and Hangzhou found that residents living in more walkable neighborhoods enjoy better health than residents who lived in less walkable neighborhoods in urban China. Finally, healthier lifestyles begin in grocery store aisles. Governments should encourage tighter connections between agricultural production systems, urban grocers and food vendors. Such initiatives can also help urban residents better understand how food is sourced. This raises awareness about the relationship between natural foods and healthy lifestyles. Combining controls on unhealthy foods with policies that encourage healthy eating and active lifestyles can reduce obesity rates. Improving public health is an important policy developing countries should take from both an economic and social point of view. To quote the recent Global Nutrition Report, reducing obesity will boost global development.
正确答案：
①人类生活水平的提高是现代社会最伟大的胜利之一。②但现代生活的富足也导致了一些意料不到的全球健康危机：目前全球有二十亿人超重或过度肥胖。③发达国家一直是不健康肥胖的“重灾区”，④但目前发展中国家也面临着类似的问题。⑤高收入国家的肥胖率居高不下，其他国家和地区的肥胖率也在加速攀升。⑥世界卫生组织和世界银行共同调查发现，2016年，全球超重儿童中，有一半是亚洲儿童，⑦有四分之一是非洲儿童。⑧过去，政府致力于消除饥饿，而如今，肥胖问题将成为他们政治信念的“试金石”。⑨各国政府必须意识到，提高城市生产力、使城市生活更加方便的同时，也导致城市居民更容易肥胖。⑩城市居民享受着多种多样的食物，国际快餐连锁店也在发展中国家遍地开花。不健康的饮食习惯加上久坐的生活方式，进一步加重了都市居民的健康问题。越来越多的人把休闲时间花在看电视、电影和打电子游戏上。
①这种趋势警示我们，发展中国家很可能未富先病，②而疾病会导致医疗系统不堪重负。③东南亚国家每年用于治疗糖尿病和心血管疾病等肥胖并发症的支出已高达100亿美元。④这类疾病给本就难以满足基本医疗需求的国家带来额外的负担。⑤面对超重人群数量不断上升的现状，出台相关纳税政策、优化城市设计、加强相关教育等措施有望降低因肥胖症而产生的支出，这比肥胖症患者直接寻求医治所产生的费用要低。⑥一些国家的政府已开始通过干预措施来控制肥胖症的发病率，如对不健康食品和饮料征税。⑦泰国、文莱和新加坡均已开始征收苏打税。⑧南非也很可能于2018年4月开始征收糖税。⑨加利福尼亚州伯克利市方面表示，仅征税还不足以解决肥胖症问题。⑩该城市将糖税获得的收入用于保证儿童的饮食营养、维持社区医疗项目的运行。这也显示了加强相关教育的重要性。
①很多新的举措也会齐头并进。②城市设计对重塑市民生活方式和提高公众健康水平有着举足轻重的作用。③提升公共场所的吸引力也有助于鼓励市民少开私家车、多到室外活动。④近期有一项针对上海和杭州市区居民的研究表明，居住在适宜步行的街区的市民更为健康，而居住在不适宜步行的街区的居民，其健康水平则较低。⑤最后，健康的生活方式源于健康的食品。⑥政府应促进农业生产体系、市区杂货商与食品供应商形成更紧密的关系。⑦此举措也有利于市民更好地了解食物的来源，⑧深刻认识到天然的食品与健康的生活方式息息相关。⑨管制不健康食品、出台政策鼓励健康饮食与积极的生活方式，多管齐下，一定能有效降低肥胖率。⑩无论是从经济发展还是社会发展的角度看，发展中国家都应出台相关政策提高公众健康水平。正如最近《全球营养报告》(Global Nutrition Report)所说，降低肥胖率有利于促进全球发展。
[解析] Para.1 ①Improved human well-being is one of the greatest triumphs of the modem era. ②The age of plenty has also led to all unexpected global health crisis: 2 billion people are either overweight or obese. ③Developed countries have been especially susceptible to unhealthy weight gain. ④However, developing countries are now facing a similar crisis. ⑤Obesity rates have peaked in high income countries but are accelerating elsewhere.⑥【难句】The combined findings of the World Health Organization and the World Bank showed that in 2016 Asia was home to half the world’s overweight children. ⑦One quarter were in Africa. ⑧This crisis will test the political resolve of governments that have focused on ending hunger. ⑨These governments must understand that the factors making cities convenient and productive also make their residents prone to obesity. ⑩Urbanites enjoy a variety of food. International fast food chains are flourishing in developing countries. The health risks of such diets are compounded by the sedentary lifestyles of urban dwellers. People’s leisure time is also being occupied by television, movies, and video games in the growing number of households.
难句理解
本句为复合句，主干成分为The combined findings showed that…，主语combined findings后跟了一个介词短语作后置定语，说明具体的调查机构；由that引导的宾语从句充当showed的宾语，具体解释调查结果。
采分点分析
采分点一：基本素质
●⑥句the world Health Organization和the World Bank为常见国际组织名称，已有广泛接受的译法，分别译作“世界卫生组织”“世界银行”。
采分点二：选词用词
1．②句分号后的谓语动词为are，时态为一般现在时，表明数据是“现在”的情况，但中文中动词没有时态，因此可增译“目前”表明时间，同时重复“全球”表明范围，使译文更加准确。类似地，③句中have been也用时态表示“从过去持续到现在的情况”，因此可增译“一直”加以明确。
2．③句susceptible to字面意思为“对……敏感”“易受……影响、伤害”，此处若直译为“发达国家一直特别容易受不健康肥胖的伤害”，则显得有点生硬，这里的意思是发达国家不健康肥胖的情况比较严重，因此可将susceptible to灵活处理为“……的‘重灾区’”。
3．⑤句peaked意为“居于……顶端”，原文用的是现在完成时，可知是过去到现在一直存在的状态，因此可译为“居高不下”，体现状态的持续性；而本句中的elsewhere对应前文的high income countries，表示除高收入国家之外的其他国家与地区，因此最好不要笼统地直译为“其他地方”，应具体译为“其他国家与地区”。
采分点三：理解结构
1．⑥句的主语The combined findings of the world Health Organization and the world Bank(用的是一个名词性结构，译成中文时可用两个机构“世界卫生组织和世界银行”作主语，将The combined findings变为动词，与谓语showed结合，译成“共同调查发现”，这样更符合中文“多动词”的行文习惯。
2．⑧句中that引导的定语从句表明政府过去的工作重点，若直接把定语从句处理为“政府”的前置定语，则过于冗长，不符合中文表达习惯，可将定语部分单独译成小句，由于从句所述情况发生在主句之前，因此可提前到句首译出。
